ENDNOTES:

14. Enrico Cantoni and Vincent Pons, “Strict ID Laws Don’t Stop Voters: Evidence from a U.S. Nationwide Panel, 2008–2018,” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 25522, February 2019, revised May 2021, pp. 1–2, https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w25522/w25522.pdf (accessed July 24, 2025). 

15. Jeffrey J. Harden and Alejandra Campos, “Who Benefits from Voter Identification Laws?” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 120, No. 7 (February 6, 2023), e2217323120, p. 1, https://www.pnas.org/ doi/epdf/10.1073/pnas.2217323120 (accessed July 24, 2025). 

16. Gary Robertson, “Republican Wins Lottery-Style Drawing in Tied Virginia State House,” Reuters, January 4, 2018, https://www.reuters.com/article/world/republican-wins-lottery-style-drawing-in-tied-virginiastate-house-idUSKBN1ET1XX/ (accessed July 24, 2025). 

17. Press release, “Newly Released 2016 Election Administration and Voting Survey Provides Snapshot of Nation’s Voter Turnout, Registration Trends, Voting Systems,” United States Elections Assistance Commission, June 29, 2017, https://www.eac.gov/news/2017/06/29/newly-released-2016-election-administration-and-voting-survey-provides-snapshot (accessed July 24, 2025). 

18. Tim Meko, Denise Lu, and Lazaro Gamio, “How Trump Won the Presidency with Razor-Thin Margins in Swing States,” The Washington Post, November 3, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/politics/2016-election/swing-state-margins/ (accessed July 24, 2025). 

19. Federal Election Commission, Federal Elections 2000: Election Results for the U.S. President, the U.S. Senate and the U.S. House of Representatives, June 2021, pp. 4 and 18, https://www.fec.gov/resources/cms-content/documents/federalelections00.pdf (accessed July 24, 2025).