On June 5, President Obama will visit the German city of
Dresden. This visit will be intensely controversial. Dresden is
most famous for the Anglo-American bombing raid against it on
February 13, 1945. The Dresden raid did cause serious loss of life,
but in the Second World War it was not unprecedented or unusual.
The myths that have grown up about the raid were fostered by the
Nazis and spread by post-war Soviet propaganda.
Because of this spurious symbolism, President Obama's decision
to visit Dresden is ill-advised. During his visit, the President
must absolutely reject any equation of the Western Allies and the
Nazis. He must avoid accepting as true the claims of the Nazi and
Soviet propagandists about the Dresden raid. Finally, he must
stoutly defend the Anglo-American air campaign, which served vital
military purposes and which led to the liberation of Western Europe
from the Nazis in 1945, and, ultimately, of Eastern Europe from the
Soviet Union in 1989.
The Raid on Dresden
On February 13, 1945, 1,100 British and American bombers
attacked the city of Dresden, which lies south of Berlin. The
bombers dropped a mix of high explosives and incendiary bombs,
which created a firestorm that destroyed the center of the city.
The number of casualties will never be known, but at the time Nazi
authorities privately estimated that 25,000 people lost their
lives. A 2004 study of the raid by British historian Frederick
Taylor sets the toll at between 25,000 and 40,000 killed,[1] while
in 2008 an authoritative commission of German historians estimated
the likely toll at 18,000 and definitely no more than 25,000.[2]
The attack on Dresden was not unusual. In July 1943, a British
raid on Hamburg created a similar firestorm that destroyed 56
percent of the city's dwellings and killed 40,000 people.[3] Both
attacks were part of the Anglo-American strategic bombing campaign
that was launched after U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt and
British Prime Minister Winston Churchill met at the Casablanca
Conference in January 1943. That campaign followed the German
bombing of Warsaw in September 1939 and Rotterdam in May 1940, the
Nazi blitz against London in the summer and fall of 1940,
the German destruction of Belgrade from the air in April 1941, and
the British bombing campaign against Germany that began in May 1940
and intensified in 1942.
The raid on Dresden was made at the request of the Soviet Union,
which wanted the city's railway junction destroyed to prevent the
Germans from concentrating forces against advancing Soviet
armies.[4] Dresden also contained over a hundred
factories engaged in war-related work. As Taylor sums up, "Dresden
was ranked high among the Reich's wartime industrial centers." This
work included firms that made parts for torpedoes and machine
guns.[5] Though Dresden was known as a cultural
center, it was not, as later myth had it, a city of no military
importance.
The Myths Surrounding Dresden
The Nazi regime, frustrated by its inability to stop the
Anglo-American attacks, countered by waging a propaganda campaign
against them. After the raid on Dresden, Propaganda Minister Joseph
Goebbels, instead of downplaying it, decided to exaggerate the
attack. He leaked falsified documents to the press that multiplied
German casualties in the attack by 10: 25,000 became 250,000. He
also played on Dresden's reputation by claiming that it was a city
of cultural and artistic treasures only, not a center of war
work.[6]
Goebbels's lies were widely accepted. As Taylor concludes, "The
extent of the wide, long-lasting ripple of international outrage
that followed the Dresden bombing represents, at least in part,
Goebbels's final, dark masterpiece."[7]
After the war, Dresden was part of the Soviet zone of occupation
and, later, East Germany. The Soviet and East German authorities
used the Nazi myth of Dresden as part of their Cold War propaganda
campaign against the U.S., Britain, and West Germany. By 1953, mass
meetings in East Germany were being told that former Allied
Commander Dwight Eisenhower--by then, President of the United
States--was personally responsible for the attack of the
"Anglo-American Air Gangsters," a term invented by Goebbels. In
1954, the death toll for the raid was officially set by the
Communist regime at "hundreds of thousands."[8]
This Nazi-inspired falsehood was widely accepted. It was
repeated in Kurt Vonnegut's Slaughterhouse-Five (1969),
which was informed by David Irving's The Destruction of
Dresden (1963). In a 2000 libel trial in Britain, Irving was
described by the judge as an "active Holocaust denier" who "for his
own ideological reasons persistently and deliberately
misrepresented and manipulated historical evidence."[9]
Irving's treatment of the Dresden raid marked the beginning of an
ideological assault on the morality of the war and of the Western
Allies.
The Achievements of the Air
Campaign
In reality, the raid on Dresden was part of the broader
Anglo-American strategic bombing campaign. This campaign achieved
five vital objectives that were central to the defeat of Nazi
Germany.
First, from 1940 through 1942, it demonstrated that Britain
retained the will to fight back. This was vital for British
relations with the U.S. and, after June 1941, with the U.S.S.R.
Second, as eminent historian Richard J. Evans argues, the
campaign "did even more than the defeats at Stalingrad and in North
Africa to spread popular disillusion about the Nazi Party."[10]
Third, the campaign did immense damage to German war production:
The Germans calculated in January 1945 that bombing had reduced
their tank production by 25 percent.[11]
Fourth, the campaign compelled Germany to expend substantial
resources on an air defense system, resources that could have been
devoted to fighting the Western and Soviet armies. It also led
Hitler to emphasize the development of the V-1 and V-2 rockets.
Both were amazing technological achievements but military
irrelevancies that consumed scarce resources.
Finally, the air campaign drew the German Luftwaffe away
from the Eastern Front--so aiding the Soviet advance--and
ultimately destroyed it in the West. Without this air superiority,
the D-Day landings would not have been possible. It was those
landings that liberated Western Europe from the Nazis and created a
base of freedom that led to the collapse of Communist Eastern
Europe in 1989. The air campaign did not win the war on its own,
but its contributions were immense, and they did not end in
1945.
The Symbolism of Dresden and of
Obama's Visit
But for many critics, the Dresden raid has come to symbolize the
wrongs of the entire Anglo-American air war against Nazi Germany.
For these critics, who are as strong on the far left as on the far
right, the attack on Dresden was only the most egregious example of
the Anglo-American conduct of that campaign, which they allege
constituted a war crime.
The city of Dresden, thus, is the focal point of an effort to
establish a degree of moral equivalence between the Western Allies
and Nazi Germany and, more broadly, to discredit and criminalize
U.S. and British foreign policy when--as in 2003 in the Iraq
War--it moves in a direction the critics dislike.
This effort began with the Communist propaganda after 1945. As
long as the Cold War lasted, it made little headway, but with the
fall of the U.S.S.R. and the reunification of Germany, it grew in
popularity. By 2002, with the publication of Jörg Friedrich's
Der Brand, which subtly equates the air war on Germany with
the Holocaust, the campaign had reached best-seller status.
The symbolism of Dresden, even if it is poorly grounded in the
facts of history, is a reality: It stands in mythology for the
supposed war crimes committed by the Americans and the British in
their war against the Nazis and, by implication, for their supposed
offenses since 1945. By choosing to visit Dresden, of all Germany's
cities, President Obama will have this myth as his backdrop. He
would have been better advised to avoid Dresden.
Obama's decision to visit the city raises the concern that he
will use the opportunity to apologize for the Dresden raid. As that
raid has come to symbolize the supposed evils of the entire air
war, an apology for Dresden would have far reaching implications
about the morality of the Second World War itself. It is
particularly unfortunate that Obama will visit Dresden and the
Buchenwald concentration camp on the same day. The fact that both
the camp and Dresden have been deemed worthy of a presidential
visit could be taken to imply the moral equivalence between them
that revisionists like Friedrich have sought to create.
What Obama Must Do
The President must not fall for the Nazi- or Communist-inspired
myths about Dresden, such as the number of people killed in the
raid or the importance of the war-related work being done in the
city.
He must also avoid giving any credence whatsoever to efforts to
equate the Western Allies and the Nazis, or the air war and the
Holocaust. Indeed, he should counter the unfortunate scheduling of
his visit to the Buchenwald camp by making an explicit statement
that Dresden was part of the broader Anglo-American air campaign
against the Nazi regime and that this campaign was vital to the
defeat of the Nazis and the victory of the West in 1945.
Finally, he should make the broader point that the lesson of the
Second World War is not that there should never again be a war nor
that pacifism is a moral choice. The lessons of that war are that
evil is a reality, that appeasement is not a virtue, and that no
war--even in pursuit of just ends like the defeat of Nazi
Germany--can be won without difficult but necessary choices.
Ted R. Bromund, Ph.D., is Senior Research
Fellow in the Margaret Thatcher Center for Freedom, a division of
the Kathryn and Shelby Cullom Davis Institute for International
Studies, at The Heritage Foundation.