Foreign Aid: Congress Should Shift USAID Funds to the Millennium Challenge Account

When it comes to spending precious U.S. tax dollars on official development assistance (ODA) to third world countries, the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) has a better approach than the traditional foreign aid model reflected in the mostly ineffective and costly programs of the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID).

The MCC model demands that recipient governments be held accountable for results and make serious, sustained efforts to combat corruption. MCC programs also encourage private-sector-led economic growth, strong protection of property rights, and the rule of law. Yet in their actions to date, the Obama Administration and Congress have primarily embraced the USAID approach and have made significant cuts to MCC funding.

The Trouble with ODA

The trouble with traditional forms of development assistance as practiced by USAID and other U.S. government entities is that they are generally "top-down,"[1] fragmented,[2] and do not require "feedback and accountability."[3] Instead, they encourage a welfare-dependency mindset.

ODA promotes a statist and entitlement mentality among recipients and has a poor track record with regard to actually sparking economic renewal. For example, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) member countries have donated nearly $3 trillion in foreign aid since 1960, yet these donations have largely failed to produce economic growth.[4]

Notwithstanding ODA's poor track record, proponents of traditional foreign aid are continuously lobbying their powerful political and academic friends in an attempt to make ODA virtually self-perpetuating. The most recent evidence of this pressure can be seen in World Bank President Robert Zoellick's call for "the creation of a 'vulnerability fund' for developing countries, a collective pot into which rich countries would put 0.7 percent of their stimulus packages."[5]

While government assistance programs can be effective in certain situations (such as for humanitarian disaster relief or HIV /AIDS and tuberculosis treatment and prevention), for the most part, private-sector trade and investment is by far the best combination to spur sustainable economic growth--the bedrock of economic freedom in any country.

The MCC: A More Promising Approach to Aid

The MCC has a number of advantages over traditional assistance. MCC programsencourage and allocate aid to countries that embrace policies linked to economic growth and development. The objective indicators used by the MCC to determine which countries will receive funding--"based on their performance in governing justly, investing in their citizens, and encouraging economic freedom"[6]--mirror those used by The Heritage Foundation in preparing its Index of Economic Freedom. In fact, the MCC uses the Index as the source for its trade policy indicator. Specifically, the MCC bases its decisions to allocate aid on a country's performance on 17 specific indicators contained in the table below:

MCC programs also place a greater emphasis on transparency and accountability than almost any government program.In orderfor citizens of a developing country to take ownership and responsibility for their actions, they must have confidence in the system by which they are governed. This sort of buy-in is crucial to the success of any development program.

Recognizing this, the MCC has identified corruption as a critical indicator, noting that "[b]ecause corruption undermines every aspect of sustainable development, MCC has made fighting it one of its highest priorities."[7] "MCC asks eligible countries to consult broadly with its citizens throughout the development, implementation, and evaluation of a Compact" and "as part of its own due-diligence procedures, MCC examines the extent to which a country has conducted a consultative process that reflects real effort to incorporate domestic civic, private-sector, and political institutions."[8]

One of the founding principles of the MCC is to focus "specifically on promoting sustainable economic growth to reduce poverty through investments in areas such as transportation, water and industrial infrastructure, agriculture, education, private sector development, and capacity building."[9] A hallmark of underdevelopment is the lack of infrastructure. Building roads, schools, electricity grids, and water systems usually requires the sort of major funding that only government can organize.

As of November 2008, Congress had appropriated $7.5 billion to the MCC, of which approximately $6.5 billion had been obligated for 18 country "compacts."[10] The MCC funds are designated as "no-year," meaning that they will not expire and MCC does not have to spend them until it can be certain that the funds will not be wasted. By comparison, during the same period (FY 2004-2008), Congress appropriated $52 billion to USAID funds that do expire, usually within two years, leading to sometimes rash, reckless, and hurried spending. Sustainable economic growth requires more than a two-year horizon.

The MCC administers $5.04 million of assistance per employee. This is much more efficient than the average for the U.S. government, which administers only $1.3 million of assistance per employee.[11]

Congress: Clueless about Effective Foreign Aid?

In the fiscal year (FY) 2009 omnibus spending bill, Congress shortsightedly slashed the funding for the MCC to $875 million, more than 60 percent less than the $2.23 billion requested by the Bush Administration for that year.[12] In its FY 2010 budget request, the Obama Administration included a paltry $1.4 billion for the MCC (a cut of more than 40 percent from the FY 2009 Bush Administration request), while it increased the FY 2010 budget for the State Department and USAID by 7 percent--to a staggering $48.6 billion.[13] In addition, Congress has already sent worrisome signals in recent FY 2010 budget resolutions that it might cut even the Obama Administration's modest MCC appropriations.

President Obama says he wants to put "the United States on a path to double foreign assistance,"[14] but, given its lukewarm support of the MCC budget, that means in practical terms that the Obama Administration intends to increase spending massively for traditional ODA programs through USAID and other agencies. These programs will not produce the value-for-money that taxpayers deserve.

Spending Aid More Wisely: What the Administration Should Do

The Obama Administration's development policy should focus primarily on expanding U.S. private trade and investment in and with developing countries. The Administration should press Congress to approve pending U.S. trade agreements with Colombia, Panama, and South Korea. The Administration should also seek to negotiate additional trade deals with friendly, large emerging markets such as India and Brazil.

President Obama and Congress might be tempted to expand, dilute, or revise the MCC criteria. This would be a serious policy mistake. If the MCC criteria were altered to eliminate the existing economic freedom categories, to reduce the currently highest emphasis on rule of law and anti-corruption efforts,[15] or to dilute them by expanding the indicators to include more rigid and unrealistic labor and environmental standards, the resulting MCC programs would no longer be substantively different than the largely ineffective and inefficient traditional ODA programs administered by USAID.

The Obama Administration should take other steps to ensure that any taxpayer funds expended on ODA are spent as effectively as possible. The Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 should be overhauled to remove structural impediments that constrain the effectiveness of U.S. assistance and prevent it from emulating the more modern aspects of the MCC. Funding for traditional ODA programs administered by USAID should gradually be reduced, and remaining USAID programs should be designed using MCC criteria and policy indicators.

The Administration should work with Congress to restore the more than $1.3 billion in MCC funding that Congress cut from the FY 2009 omnibus spending bill and increase the FY 2010 budget for MCC to at least $2.5 billion--by transferring the difference from planned and existing USAID programs.

Moreover, the MCC should adhere closely to its original prioritization of goals, which emphasize encouraging developing countries to adopt and implement policies to fight corruption, strengthen rule of law, and take responsibility for their problems. These criteria should be preserved and remain paramount.

James M. Roberts is Research Fellow for Economic Freedom and Growth in the Center for International Trade and Economics at The Heritage Foundation.