[{"command":"add_css","data":[{"rel":"stylesheet","media":"all","href":"\/sites\/default\/files\/css\/css_veuEhhb1658wti0_ZAig66JOyixENU-N9zhjLQSLfOQ.css?delta=0\u0026language=en\u0026theme=heritage_theme\u0026include=eJwrTi1LzdNPzkksLq7Uy8tPSQUAPMsGtA"}]},{"command":"invoke","selector":null,"method":"openEssay","args":["10000142","\n\n\u003Carticle about=\u0022\/constitution\/amendments\/3\/essays\/143\/quartering-of-troops\u0022 class=\u0022node node--type-constitution-essay node--promoted node--view-mode-embedded clearfix\u0022\u003E\n  \u003Ch1 class=\u0022title\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EQuartering of Troops\u003C\/span\u003E\n\u003C\/h1\u003E\n\n      \u003Cdiv class=\u0022con-location\u0022\u003E\n      Amendment III\n    \u003C\/div\u003E\n    \u003Cdiv class=\u0022con-essay-context\u0022\u003E\n      \n            \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cp\u003ENo Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n      \n    \u003C\/div\u003E\n      \n  \u003Cdiv class=\u0022con-essay-body\u0022\u003E\n    \n            \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe Third Amendment combines a straightforward ban on nonconsensual, peacetime quartering of soldiers in citizens\u2019 houses with a requirement that wartime quartering be done by means approved by the legislature. The brief congressional debates on the text make clear that the amendment reflects an effort to balance private property rights and the potential wartime need for military quarters.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Anti-Federalists used the absence of a ban on quartering as an argument against ratification. Once the concept of a Bill of Rights was agreed upon, however, there was little controversy over the inclusion of a ban on quartering. Six of the original thirteen states also adopted constitutional provisions banning the quartering of soldiers.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003EThe British practice of quartering soldiers in America grew out of the lack of regular army bases, unclear legislative authority for British army quartering in America, and the need to move large bodies of troops about the country during conflicts with the French and Indians. Although there were numerous conflicts over quartering in both Britain and America before the 1770s, the most significant episodes concerned the British quartering of soldiers in private homes to punish the people of Boston under the Intolerable Acts of 1774.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003EBecause of its clear text, there have been few court opinions discussing the Third Amendment. Recently, the Supreme Court declared that the Amendment has not been \u201cfully incorporated\u201d by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and therefore, by implication, it is not applicable to the states, \u003Cem\u003EMcDonald v. City of Chicago\u003C\/em\u003E (2010). The Court ignored an earlier federal circuit court opinion that had found the Amendment was indeed incorporated.\u003Cem\u003E Engblom v. Carey\u003C\/em\u003E (1982). In \u003Cem\u003EEngblom\u003C\/em\u003E, the federal circuit court also determined that residences of all types would be subject to Third Amendment protection. The case had arisen when New York State correctional officers on strike were evicted from their state-provided residences, which were then provided to National Guardsman. Upon remand, the district court dismissed the state correctional officers\u2019 suit without reaching the substance of the Third Amendment claim.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003EOther courts have not been receptive to Third Amendment claims. One federal court dismissed as bordering on the \u201cfrivolous\u201d the assertion that federal approval of military flights through the airspace over one\u2019s home violated the Amendment. \u003Cem\u003ECuster County Action Ass\u2019n v. Garvey\u003C\/em\u003E (2001).\u003C\/p\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003EEarlier, the Supreme Court had cited the Third Amendment as part of non-originalist interpretations that list it as one of the sources of \u201cpenumbras, formed by emanations\u201d that create a zone of privacy in no specific clause of the Constitution. For example, the Court cited it in the name of marital privacy as support for constitutional restrictions on state governments\u2019 abilities to regulate the sale of contraceptives in \u003Cem\u003EGriswold v. Connecticut\u003C\/em\u003E (1965).\u003C\/p\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003ECourt action has been rare because the quartering problem is largely solved today by the government\u2019s paying communities to host military bases.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n      \n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n\n      \u003Cdiv class=\u0022con-essay-author\u0022\u003E\n      \u003Cdiv class=\u0022con-essay-author--media\u0022\u003E\n            \u003C\/div\u003E\n      \u003Cdiv class=\u0022con-essay-author--info\u0022\u003E\n              \u003Ch4 class=\u0022con-essay-author--name\u0022\u003E\n                      \u003Ca href=\u0022http:\/\/www.law.ua.edu\/directory\/People\/view\/Andrew_Morriss\u0022\u003EAndrew P. Morriss\u003C\/a\u003E\n                  \u003C\/h4\u003E\n                  \u003Cdiv class=\u0022con-essay-author--job\u0022\u003E\n         D. Paul Jones, Jr. \u0026amp; Charlene Angelich Jones Chairholder of Law, University of Alabama School of Law\n      \u003C\/div\u003E\n            \u003C\/div\u003E\n    \u003C\/div\u003E\n\n    \u003Cdiv class=\u0022con-essay-tabs\u0022\u003E\n      \u003Cul data-tabs class=\u0022tabs\u0022\u003E\n        \u003Cli class=\u0022button-more thirds\u0022\u003E\u003Ca data-tab href=\u0022#node-10000142-taba\u0022\u003EFurther Reading\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\n        \u003Cli class=\u0022button-more thirds\u0022\u003E\u003Ca data-tab href=\u0022#node-10000142-tabb\u0022\u003ECase Law\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\n        \u003Cli class=\u0022button-more thirds\u0022\u003E\u003Ca data-tab href=\u0022#node-10000142-tabc\u0022\u003ERelated Essays\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\n      \u003C\/ul\u003E\n\n      \u003Cdiv data-tabs-content\u003E\n        \u003Cdiv data-tabs-pane class=\u0022tabs-pane\u0022 id=\u0022node-10000142-taba\u0022\u003E\n          \n      \u003Cdiv\u003E\n              \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cp\u003ETom W. Bell, \u003Ci\u003EThe Third Amendment: Forgotten but Not Gone\u003C\/i\u003E, 2 Wm. \u0026amp; Mary Bill Rts. J. 117 (1993)\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n              \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAndrew P. Morriss and Richard L. Stroup, \u003Ci\u003EQuartering Species: The \u2018Living Constitution,\u0027 the Third Amendment, and the Endangered Species Act\u003C\/i\u003E, 30 Envtl. L. 769 (2000)\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n          \u003C\/div\u003E\n  \n        \u003C\/div\u003E\n        \u003Cdiv data-tabs-pane class=\u0022tabs-pane\u0022 id=\u0022node-10000142-tabb\u0022\u003E\n          \n      \u003Cdiv\u003E\n              \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cp\u003EGriswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479 (1965)\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n              \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cp\u003EEngblom v. Carey, 677 F.2d 957 (2d Cir. 1982), on remand. 572 F. Supp. 44 (S.D.N.Y.), aff \u2019d per curiam, 724 F.2d 28 (2d Cir. 1983)\u003Cbr\u003E\n\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n              \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cp\u003ECuster County Action Ass\u2019n v. Garvey, 256 F.3d 1024 (10th Cir. 2001)\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n              \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022WordSection1\u0022\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cspan style=\u0022page:WordSection1\u0022\u003EMcDonald v. City of Chicago, 130 S. Ct. 3020 (2010)\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n          \u003C\/div\u003E\n  \n        \u003C\/div\u003E\n        \u003Cdiv data-tabs-pane class=\u0022tabs-pane\u0022 id=\u0022node-10000142-tabc\u0022\u003E\n                  \u003C\/div\u003E\n      \u003C\/div\u003E\n    \u003C\/div\u003E\n  \n\u003C\/article\u003E\n"]}]