[{"command":"add_css","data":[{"rel":"stylesheet","media":"all","href":"\/sites\/default\/files\/css\/css_veuEhhb1658wti0_ZAig66JOyixENU-N9zhjLQSLfOQ.css?delta=0\u0026language=en\u0026theme=heritage_theme\u0026include=eJwrTi1LzdNPzkksLq7Uy8tPSQUAPMsGtA"}]},{"command":"invoke","selector":null,"method":"openEssay","args":["10000122","\n\n\u003Carticle about=\u0022\/constitution\/articles\/4\/essays\/123\/interstate-rendition-clause\u0022 class=\u0022node node--type-constitution-essay node--promoted node--view-mode-embedded clearfix\u0022\u003E\n  \u003Ch1 class=\u0022title\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EInterstate Rendition Clause\u003C\/span\u003E\n\u003C\/h1\u003E\n\n      \u003Cdiv class=\u0022con-location\u0022\u003E\n      Article IV, Section 2, Clause 2\n    \u003C\/div\u003E\n    \u003Cdiv class=\u0022con-essay-context\u0022\u003E\n      \n            \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cp\u003EA Person charged in any State with Treason, Felony, or other Crime, who shall flee from Justice, and be found in another State, shall on Demand of the executive Authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having Jurisdiction of the Crime.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n      \n    \u003C\/div\u003E\n      \n  \u003Cdiv class=\u0022con-essay-body\u0022\u003E\n    \n            \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe Interstate Rendition or extradition clause derives from similar language in the Articles of Confederation, but the principle of extradition between governments dates to antiquity. The Framers\u2019 purpose was to foster comity between states and to prevent criminals from evading law enforcement. The Framers regarded interstate rendition, despite its classical roots, as distinct from international extradition. In 1793, Congress passed the first rendition act\u2014today, 18 U.S.C. \u00a7 3182\u2014for fear that the clause was not self-executing. The statute governed rendition from territories as well as states. Although there is no express power granted to Congress to govern rendition, Justice Joseph Story regarded it as implied from the moral duty of Congress to carry into execution the duties imposed on the federal government by the Constitution. \u003Cem\u003EPrigg v. Pennsylvania\u003C\/em\u003E (1842).\u003C\/p\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003EOn its face, the clause requires: (1) a facially valid criminal charge in a demanding state, (2) a flight to an asylum state, and (3) an executive demand for return. The Framers specified the offenses of treason and felony to show that political crimes warrant rendition, as well as \u201cother crimes\u201d to comprehend all crimes, regardless of gravity. \u003Cem\u003ETaylor v. Taintor\u003C\/em\u003E (1872); \u003Cem\u003EKentucky v. Dennison\u003C\/em\u003E (1860). Exempted from the scope of the clause are civil liabilities and private debts. As to what constitutes a criminal charge, the 1793 rendition act requires formal indictment or affidavit, but it does not mention a method known as \u201ccriminal information,\u201d generally, a unilateral accusation by the government. This omission likely was deliberate, as such information was a known device abused by the British.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Interstate Rendition Clause suggests that deliberate and voluntary flight is required. Thus, early scholars speculated, for example, that a person involuntarily removed from one state to a second state (by another person or even by court order) could not be rendered back or rendered forward to a third state. But consistently with the clause\u2019s law-enforcement purpose, flight has been construed without regard to intent, requiring only that the state seeking rendition allege that the person sought had committed an overt criminal act in the demanding state. \u003Cem\u003EStrassheim v. Daily\u003C\/em\u003E (1911); \u003Cem\u003EAppleyard v. Massachusetts\u003C\/em\u003E (1906). That the person sought was present in an asylum state before the indictment issued does not insulate him from rendition. \u003Cem\u003ERoberts v. Reilly\u003C\/em\u003E (1885).\u003C\/p\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the antebellum period, a crisis of executive demands and compliance arose, as some Northern governors refused to return fugitives charged with slavery-related crimes to Southern states. Since the Civil War, the Supreme Court has clarified and limited the scope of the executive power in the asylum state to decline rendition. A state\u2019s governor may determine only (1) whether the person sought is charged with a crime under the demanding state\u2019s law and (2) whether that person is a fugitive, that is, was present in the demanding state when the alleged overt act occurred. \u003Cem\u003EMunsey v. Clough\u003C\/em\u003E (1905). Upon a habeas corpus petition, a court also may make inquiries only on those two questions. \u003Cem\u003EMichigan v. Doran\u003C\/em\u003E (1978). Other questions\u2014for example, guilt or innocence, sufficiency of evidence, construction of state law, or adequacy of justice in the demanding state\u2014are triable only in the demanding state. \u003Cem\u003ENew Mexico ex rel. Ortiz v. Reed\u003C\/em\u003E (1998); \u003Cem\u003ELascelles v. Georgia\u003C\/em\u003E (1893). In 1987, the Supreme Court resolved the last vestige of antebellum indecision on whether governors had to return fugitives. It ruled in \u003Cem\u003EPuerto Rico v. Branstad \u003C\/em\u003E(1987) that federal courts may compel state executives to render fugitives who have been properly demanded by the requesting state.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003ERendition particulars today are controlled chiefly by the Uniform Extradition and Rendition Act adopted in some form in every state. State rendition laws have been upheld insofar as they are consistent with the Constitution and federal statutes. Furthermore, states today can provide for rendition outside the scope of the clause. For example, states may agree to render subpoenaed witnesses and charged persons who were never present in the demanding state. It is unclear whether the original conception of the Interstate Rendition Clause contemplated an exclusive process of rendition. If so, then ancillary agreements between two states to allow rendition even if there are procedural deficiencies in the demand for rendition may contravene the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n      \n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n\n      \u003Cdiv class=\u0022con-essay-author\u0022\u003E\n      \u003Cdiv class=\u0022con-essay-author--media\u0022\u003E\n            \u003C\/div\u003E\n      \u003Cdiv class=\u0022con-essay-author--info\u0022\u003E\n              \u003Ch4 class=\u0022con-essay-author--name\u0022\u003E\n                      Richard Peltz-Stelle\n                  \u003C\/h4\u003E\n                  \u003Cdiv class=\u0022con-essay-author--job\u0022\u003E\n         Professor of Law, University of Massachusetts School of Law\n      \u003C\/div\u003E\n            \u003C\/div\u003E\n    \u003C\/div\u003E\n\n    \u003Cdiv class=\u0022con-essay-tabs\u0022\u003E\n      \u003Cul data-tabs class=\u0022tabs\u0022\u003E\n        \u003Cli class=\u0022button-more thirds\u0022\u003E\u003Ca data-tab href=\u0022#node-10000122-taba\u0022\u003EFurther Reading\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\n        \u003Cli class=\u0022button-more thirds\u0022\u003E\u003Ca data-tab href=\u0022#node-10000122-tabb\u0022\u003ECase Law\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\n        \u003Cli class=\u0022button-more thirds\u0022\u003E\u003Ca data-tab href=\u0022#node-10000122-tabc\u0022\u003ERelated Essays\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\n      \u003C\/ul\u003E\n\n      \u003Cdiv data-tabs-content\u003E\n        \u003Cdiv data-tabs-pane class=\u0022tabs-pane\u0022 id=\u0022node-10000122-taba\u0022\u003E\n          \n      \u003Cdiv\u003E\n              \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cp\u003ELeslie W. Abramson, Extradition in America: Of Uniform Acts and Governmental Discretion, 33 BAYLOR L. REV. 793 (1981)\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n              \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cp\u003EJOHN G. HAWLEY, INTERSTATE EXTRADITION (1890) ROLLIN C. HURD, A TREATISE ON THE RIGHT OF PERSONAL LIBERTY, AND ON THE WRIT OF HABEAS\u003Cbr\u003E\nCORPUS (1858)\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n              \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cp\u003EJAMES M. KERR, INTERSTATE EXTRADITION (1880)\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n              \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cp\u003E2 John Bassett Moore, A Treatise on Extradition and Interstate Rendition (1891)\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n              \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cp\u003EJohn J Murphy, \u003Ci\u003ERevising Domestic Extradition Law\u003C\/i\u003E, 131 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1063 (1983)\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n              \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cp\u003EJAMES A. SCOTT, THE LAW OF INTERSTATE RENDITION (1917)\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n              \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cp\u003EDale Patrick Smith, \u003Ci\u003EDissertation: Interstate Extradition: A Case Study in Constitutional Interpretation\u003C\/i\u003E (1984)\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n              \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESamuel T. Spear, The Law of Extradition, International and Inter-State (3d ed. 1885)\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n              \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cp\u003EJOSEPH FRANCIS ZIMMERMAN, HORIZONTAL FEDERALISM: INTERSTATE RELATIONS (2011)\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n          \u003C\/div\u003E\n  \n        \u003C\/div\u003E\n        \u003Cdiv data-tabs-pane class=\u0022tabs-pane\u0022 id=\u0022node-10000122-tabb\u0022\u003E\n          \n      \u003Cdiv\u003E\n              \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cp\u003EPrigg v. Pennsylvania, 41 U.S. (16 Pet.) 539 (1842)\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n              \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cp\u003EKentucky v. Dennison, 65 U.S. (24 How.) 66 (1860)\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n              \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cp\u003ETaylor v. Taintor, 83 U.S. (16 Wall.) 366 (1872)\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n              \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cp\u003ERoberts v. Reilly, 116 U.S. 80 (1885)\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n              \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cp\u003ELascelles v. Georgia, 148 U.S. 537 (1893)\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n              \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cp\u003EMunsey v. Clough, 196 U.S. 364 (1905)\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n              \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAppleyard v. Massachusetts, 203 U.S. 222 (1906)\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n              \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cp\u003EStrassheim v. Daily, 221 U.S. 280 (1911)\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n              \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cp\u003EMichigan v. Doran, 439 U.S. 282 (1978)\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n              \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cp\u003EPuerto Rico v. Branstad, 483 U.S. 219 (1987)\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n              \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cp\u003ENew Mexico \u003Ci\u003Eex rel.\u003C\/i\u003E Ortiz v. Reed, 524 U.S. 151 (1998)\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n          \u003C\/div\u003E\n  \n        \u003C\/div\u003E\n        \u003Cdiv data-tabs-pane class=\u0022tabs-pane\u0022 id=\u0022node-10000122-tabc\u0022\u003E\n                      \u003Ca href=\u0022\/essay_controller\/10000120\u0022 class=\u0022use-ajax\u0022\u003EFull Faith and Credit Clause\u003C\/a\u003E\n                      \u003Ca href=\u0022\/essay_controller\/10000121\u0022 class=\u0022use-ajax\u0022\u003EPrivileges and Immunities Clause\u003C\/a\u003E\n                      \u003Ca href=\u0022\/essay_controller\/10000123\u0022 class=\u0022use-ajax\u0022\u003EFugitive Slave Clause\u003C\/a\u003E\n                      \u003Ca href=\u0022\/essay_controller\/10000125\u0022 class=\u0022use-ajax\u0022\u003EProperty Clause\u003C\/a\u003E\n                      \u003Ca href=\u0022\/essay_controller\/10000162\u0022 class=\u0022use-ajax\u0022\u003EReserved Powers of the States\u003C\/a\u003E\n                      \u003Ca href=\u0022\/essay_controller\/10000149\u0022 class=\u0022use-ajax\u0022\u003EDue Process Clause\u003C\/a\u003E\n                  \u003C\/div\u003E\n      \u003C\/div\u003E\n    \u003C\/div\u003E\n  \n\u003C\/article\u003E\n"]}]