[{"command":"add_css","data":[{"rel":"stylesheet","media":"all","href":"\/sites\/default\/files\/css\/css_veuEhhb1658wti0_ZAig66JOyixENU-N9zhjLQSLfOQ.css?delta=0\u0026language=en\u0026theme=heritage_theme\u0026include=eJwrTi1LzdNPzkksLq7Uy8tPSQUAPMsGtA"}]},{"command":"invoke","selector":null,"method":"openEssay","args":["10000116","\n\n\u003Carticle about=\u0022\/constitution\/articles\/3\/essays\/117\/appellate-jurisdiction-clause\u0022 class=\u0022node node--type-constitution-essay node--promoted node--view-mode-embedded clearfix\u0022\u003E\n  \u003Ch1 class=\u0022title\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EAppellate Jurisdiction Clause\u003C\/span\u003E\n\u003C\/h1\u003E\n\n      \u003Cdiv class=\u0022con-location\u0022\u003E\n      Article III, Section 2, Clause 2\n    \u003C\/div\u003E\n    \u003Cdiv class=\u0022con-essay-context\u0022\u003E\n      \n            \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn all the other Cases before mentioned, the supreme Court shall have appellate Jurisdiction, both as to Law and Fact, with such Exceptions, and under such Regulations as the Congress shall make.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n      \n    \u003C\/div\u003E\n      \n  \u003Cdiv class=\u0022con-essay-body\u0022\u003E\n    \n            \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe phrase in the Appellate Jurisdiction Clause that raised the most serious concerns was the grant to the Supreme Court of appellate jurisdiction \u201cboth as to Law and Fact.\u201d The Anti-Federalist opposition was certain it meant the end of the civil jury and allowed a second trial of those criminally charged at the appellate level.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Anti-Federalist Brutus argued:\u003C\/p\u003E\n\n\u003Cblockquote\u003EWho are the supreme court? Does it not consist of the judges? and they are to have the same jurisdiction of the fact as they are to have of the law. They will therefore have the same authority to determine the fact as they will have to determine the law, and no room is left for a jury on appeals to the supreme court.\u003C\/blockquote\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003EAlexander Hamilton responded in \u003Cem\u003EThe Federalist \u003C\/em\u003ENo. 81, arguing that for common law cases \u201crevision of the law only\u201d would be proper for the Supreme Court, but for civil law cases, such as prize cases, review of facts \u201cmight be essential to the preservation of the public peace.\u201d Hamilton added that the grant of appellate jurisdiction would not abolish the right to trial by jury and that Congress possessed the power to restrict the Supreme Court in this area: \u201cThe legislature of the United States would certainly have full power to provide that in appeals to the Supreme Court there should be no reexamination of facts where they had been tried in the original causes by juries.\u201d\u003C\/p\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003EFollowing Hamilton\u2019s lead, Justice Joseph Story suggested in his \u003Cem\u003ECommentaries on the Constitution of the United States\u003C\/em\u003E (1833) that the object of the clause\u2019s reference to jurisdiction over \u201claw and fact\u201d was to allow for the review of law and fact in cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction. Ultimately, the Seventh Amendment and the Double Jeopardy Clause of the Fifth Amendment mollified the Anti-Federalists\u2019 concerns by removing jury findings of fact from appellate review. See Amendment VII, Reexamination Clause; Amendment V, Double Jeopardy.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Appellate Jurisdiction Clause also seemingly grants Congress unbounded authority to make \u201cexceptions\u201d to the appellate jurisdiction. The convention delegates at first rejected a clause providing that \u201cthe Judicial power shall be exercised in such manner as the Legislature shall direct\u201d; but later, after the judicial power was defined in what eventually became Article III, the Framers appended this clause, permitting, as Federalists like John Marshall claimed, a broad power of Congress to regulate the appeals process to the Supreme Court. Justice Story later opined that Congress possessed \u201cthe utmost latitude\u201d in limiting classes of cases that could reach the Supreme Court, so long as \u201cthe whole judicial power\u201d was \u201cvested either in an original or appellate form, in some courts created under [Congress\u2019s] authority.\u201d \u003Cem\u003EMartin v. Hunter\u2019s Lessee\u003C\/em\u003E (1816).\u003C\/p\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003EEarly on, Chief Justice Oliver Ellsworth had gone further and suggested that \u201cIf Congress has provided no rule to regulate our proceedings, we cannot exercise an appellate jurisdiction.\u201d \u003Cem\u003EWiscart v. D\u2019Auchy\u003C\/em\u003E (1796). In dissent, Justice James Wilson maintained that the Supreme Court\u2019s appellate jurisdiction flowed directly from the Constitution until Congress took steps to make exceptions to it. Justice Wilson\u2019s dissenting view in \u003Cem\u003EWiscart\u003C\/em\u003E prevailed unanimously in \u003Cem\u003EDurousseau v. United States\u003C\/em\u003E (1810). Chief Justice John Marshall\u2019s opinion in the latter case recognized that the appellate jurisdiction is created by the Constitution, not by the Judiciary Act of 1789. Nevertheless, applying standard rules for statutory interpretation, Marshall explained that Congress had described particular aspects of the Court\u2019s jurisdiction in that statute, \u201cand this affirmative description has been understood to imply a negative on the exercise of such appellate power as is not comprehended within it.\u201d In other words, by providing for certain classes of appeals to reach the Supreme Court, Congress tacitly intended to \u201cexcept\u201d all others from Supreme Court review. In fact, then, the Judiciary Act of 1789 withdrew almost all federal questions from the Supreme Court\u2019s jurisdiction by not providing an appeal mechanism to the Court.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003EIn \u003Cem\u003EMartin v. Hunter\u2019s Lessee\u003C\/em\u003E and in \u003Cem\u003EAbleman v. Booth \u003C\/em\u003E(1859), Justice Story and Chief Justice Roger B. Taney each described the need to provide for Supreme Court review of decisions of the states\u2019 highest courts, in order, as Taney put it, \u201cto secure the independence and supremacy of the General Government in the sphere of action assigned to it; [and] to make the Constitution and laws of the United States uniform, and the same in every State.\u201d\u003C\/p\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003EThe seminal decision on jurisdiction-strip-ping statutes under the Appellate Jurisdiction Clause came shortly after the Civil War. \u003Cem\u003EEx parte McCardle\u003C\/em\u003E (1869) involved a newspaper editor in military custody, who had appealed a lower federal court\u2019s denial of habeas corpus relief to the United States Supreme Court, pursuant to the Habeas Corpus Act of 1867. After the Supreme Court heard oral argument, Congress repealed the provisions of the statute that had authorized Supreme Court review. The Court concluded that, pursuant to Congress\u2019s power under the Appellate Jurisdiction Clause, it had no jurisdiction to decide the case. The Court also expressed a deferential view toward legislative acts in this context, noting: \u201cWe are not at liberty to inquire into the motives of the legislature. We can only examine into its power under the Constitution; and the power to make exceptions to the appellate jurisdiction of this court is given by express words.\u201d\u003C\/p\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003EShortly thereafter, the Supreme Court found that a different jurisdiction-stripping statute did not fall within Congress\u2019s Appellate Jurisdiction Clause power. In \u003Cem\u003EUnited States v. Klein\u003C\/em\u003E (1871), Congress had enacted a statute which provided that persons whose property had been seized during the Civil War could recover proceeds of their property if they proved they had not given aid to the rebellion during the war. The Supreme Court had previously held that a presidential pardon for such activities was proof that a person had not given aid to the rebellion. \u003Cem\u003EUnited States v. Padelford\u003C\/em\u003E (1870). In \u003Cem\u003EKlein\u003C\/em\u003E, the claimant had succeeded in the lower court, but the government had appealed. While the case was pending in the Supreme Court, Congress passed a law that attempted to reverse the holding in \u003Cem\u003EPadelford\u003C\/em\u003E. The new law required courts to treat the pardon as proof of disloyalty, and on proof of such pardon, the jurisdiction of the court would cease and the suit be dismissed.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003EThe \u003Cem\u003EKlein \u003C\/em\u003ECourt noted that, if Congress had \u201csimply denied the right of appeal in a particular class of cases,\u201d the act would have been a valid exercise of legislative power under the Appellate Jurisdiction Clause. However, the Court determined that the statute withheld jurisdiction only as a means to an end, and that its purpose was to negate the legal effect of a presidential pardon, which was exclusively in the president\u2019s hands. Congress did have the power, the Court averred, to change underlying substantive law upon which the claim had been litigated, \u003Cem\u003EPennsylvania v. Wheeling \u0026amp; Belmont Bridge Co.\u003C\/em\u003E (1856), but Congress could not do so by invading the president\u2019s power to pardon, nor to direct a particular decision in a pending case. Nor could Congress dictate to a Court how to decide the substance of a case before it under the guise of regulating its appellate jurisdiction.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EKlein\u003C\/em\u003E was a rare case. Although it showed that Congress cannot use its powers over jurisdiction to override a constitutional provision (such as the president\u2019s pardon power, or, by extension, a provision of the bill of rights), the Supreme Court has affirmed Congress\u2019s broad power to make exceptions to its jurisdiction, \u003Cem\u003EThe Francis Wright \u003C\/em\u003E(1881), and its equally broad power to change underlying substantive law even if that change affects the outcome in a pending case. \u003Cem\u003ERobertson v. Seattle Audubon Society\u003C\/em\u003E (1992). Congress, however, may not by legislation reopen a case already decided and finalized, that is, when the time for appeal has passed. \u003Cem\u003EPlaut v. Spendthrift Farm, Inc. \u003C\/em\u003E(1995).\u003C\/p\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003ERecent debate over the Appellate Jurisdiction Clause has centered on proposals for legislation that would remove parts of existing Supreme Court jurisdiction. Constitutional scholars strongly disagree as to how far Congress may go in removing Supreme Court jurisdiction under the clause. The traditional view, exemplified by Gerald Gunther, is that the text gives Congress power to remove the Supreme Court\u2019s appellate jurisdiction with little or no internal Article III limitation. Gunther and Ronald Rotunda argue that extrinsic restraints, such as those found in the Bill of Rights and elsewhere in the Constitution, could be applied. However, Gunther notes that under \u003Cem\u003EMcCardle\u003C\/em\u003E, the Court must still avoid looking into Congress\u2019s \u201cmotivations\u201d except where an extrinsic restraint (such as those found in the Bill of Rights) so requires.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003EHenry Hart and others have suggested that the Appellate Jurisdiction Clause may not be used to \u201cdestroy the essential role of the Supreme Court in the constitutional plan.\u201d As Gunther noted, however, there is no \u201cessential functions\u201d limit on the face of the Appellate Jurisdiction Clause, and \u003Cem\u003EMcCardle\u003C\/em\u003E provides precedent for judicial deference to congressional limitations of appellate jurisdiction.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003EIra Mickenberg and Robert Clinton distinguish between the words \u201cexceptions\u201d and \u201cregulations\u201d in the Constitution. Clinton argues that the phrase \u201csuch exceptions\u201d refers to the class of cases assigned to the original, not appellate, jurisdiction of the Supreme Court under Article III. Mickenberg suggests that an \u201cexception\u201d could not abolish all appellate jurisdiction, and supports limits to the exception power as a matter of original intent. David Engdahl, Gary Lawson, and Steven Calabresi argue that the Appellate Jurisdiction Clause is not an express grant of power, but rather a cross-reference to Congress\u2019s enumerated powers under Article I, specifically, the Necessary and Proper Clause (Article I, Section 8, Clause 18). They hold that Congress can only divide federal jurisdiction among the federal courts and the Supreme Court, but not remove any Article III grant of jurisdiction entirely. Their view, however, would contradict the assumptions behind the Judiciary Act of 1789 and the holding of Chief Justice Marshall in \u003Cem\u003EMarbury v. Madison \u003C\/em\u003E(1803). Paul Bator recognizes Congress\u2019s power to strip the Court of its appellate jurisdiction, but, as a matter of policy and in light of intended constitutional structure, argues that such an act would violate \u201cthe spirit of the Constitution.\u201d\u003C\/p\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003ELawrence Sager takes the view that although Congress has broad authority to regulate appellate jurisdiction, Congress cannot remove jurisdiction with regard to a federal constitutional question from both the lower courts and the Supreme Court. In a variation, Akhil Amar has argued that Article III provides for two tiers of jurisdiction. Those grants of jurisdiction phrased with the emphatic \u201cshall\u201d must be left somewhere in the federal judicial system; the remaining grants may be removed or excepted by Congress. Justice Joseph Story, in dictum, made a similar claim in \u003Cem\u003EMartin v. Hunter\u2019s Lessee\u003C\/em\u003E. John Harrison disputes Amar\u2019s thesis on the basis of a careful textual analysis of Article III.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003EFor almost a century, Congress has rarely attempted to take away a whole swath of subject matter from the appellate jurisdiction of the Court. However, over the past decade, due to the government\u2019s response to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the Court has perforce become an actor in a constitutional contest between the executive, legislative, and judiciary branches. The \u201cjurisdiction-stripping\u201d power of the Appellate Jurisdiction Clause has played its part in this contest, and the way in which the Court has handled it (or the way in which the Court has worked itself around it) has only increased the scholarly debate on the issue.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003EIn \u003Cem\u003ERasul v. Bush\u003C\/em\u003E (2004), the Supreme Court interpreted the federal habeas corpus statute to extend to the detainees at Guantanamo Bay. Congress responded by passing the Detainee Treatment Act of 2005. The DTA limited jurisdiction over habeas corpus petitions originating from detainees at Guantanamo Bay exclusively to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Colombia Circuit, thereby making an exception to the Supreme Court\u2019s appellate jurisdiction over the matter. But in \u003Cem\u003EHamdan v. Rumsfeld\u003C\/em\u003E (2006), the Supreme Court avoided the issue of Congress\u2019s removal of its appellate jurisdiction by stating that the statute had not yet come into effect regarding habeas petitions.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003ECongress once again responded to the Supreme Court by passing a new statute, the Military Commissions Act of 2006, affirmatively making the limitation of the Court\u2019s appellate jurisdiction come into effect. In \u003Cem\u003EBoumediene v. Bush \u003C\/em\u003E(2008), the Court held that that statute was actually an invalid suspension of the writ of habeas corpus under Article I, Section 9, Clause 2, because it did not provide an adequate substitute for the writ. The question of the extent to which Congress can remove the appellate jurisdiction of the Court was left unanswered.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003EScholars have different opinions of what \u003Cem\u003EBoumediene\u003C\/em\u003E means for future Supreme Court jurisprudence and Congress\u2019s power over federal jurisdiction. Some have argued that \u003Cem\u003EBoumediene\u003C\/em\u003E will result in Congress\u2019s retaining power over the Court\u2019s jurisdiction while others have argued that \u003Cem\u003EBoumediene\u003C\/em\u003E will result in a limit on Congress\u2019s powers.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003ESteven Calabresi and Gary Lawson argue that a proper textual and structural analysis of Article III would result in the conclusion that there is one judicial power vested in the Supreme Court, signifying that the Supreme Court must have the last word on any federal or constitutional question. Laurence Claus makes a similar case and concludes that, the idea of a \u201cunitary judiciary\u201d is not only apparent from the text of the Constitution, but it is what the Framers originally intended based on the convention\u2019s proceedings. Paul Taylor disagrees, and concludes that the Appellate Jurisdiction Clause was originally understood as a constraint on the federal courts.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003EThus far, the Supreme Court has remained aloof from the scholarly contest, leaving its precedents to stand at present for broad congressional authority to limit the appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. Thus far, the Court has followed the lead of John Marshall, who stated in the Virginia ratifying convention, \u201cCongress is empowered to make exceptions to the appellate jurisdiction, as to law and fact, of the Supreme Court. These exceptions certainly go as far as the legislature may think proper for the interest and liberty of the people.\u201d\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n      \n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n\n      \u003Cdiv class=\u0022con-essay-author\u0022\u003E\n      \u003Cdiv class=\u0022con-essay-author--media\u0022\u003E\n              \u003Cdiv class=\u0022con-essay-author--photo\u0022 style=\u0022background-image: url(\/sites\/default\/files\/Andrew_Gold.jpg)\u0022\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n            \u003C\/div\u003E\n      \u003Cdiv class=\u0022con-essay-author--info\u0022\u003E\n              \u003Ch4 class=\u0022con-essay-author--name\u0022\u003E\n                      \u003Ca href=\u0022http:\/\/www.law.depaul.edu\/faculty_staff\/faculty_information.asp?id=59\u0022\u003EAndrew S. Gold\u003C\/a\u003E\n                  \u003C\/h4\u003E\n                  \u003Cdiv class=\u0022con-essay-author--job\u0022\u003E\n         Professor of Law, DePaul University College of Law\n      \u003C\/div\u003E\n            \u003C\/div\u003E\n    \u003C\/div\u003E\n\n    \u003Cdiv class=\u0022con-essay-tabs\u0022\u003E\n      \u003Cul data-tabs class=\u0022tabs\u0022\u003E\n        \u003Cli class=\u0022button-more thirds\u0022\u003E\u003Ca data-tab href=\u0022#node-10000116-taba\u0022\u003EFurther Reading\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\n        \u003Cli class=\u0022button-more thirds\u0022\u003E\u003Ca data-tab href=\u0022#node-10000116-tabb\u0022\u003ECase Law\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\n        \u003Cli class=\u0022button-more thirds\u0022\u003E\u003Ca data-tab href=\u0022#node-10000116-tabc\u0022\u003ERelated Essays\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\n      \u003C\/ul\u003E\n\n      \u003Cdiv data-tabs-content\u003E\n        \u003Cdiv data-tabs-pane class=\u0022tabs-pane\u0022 id=\u0022node-10000116-taba\u0022\u003E\n          \n      \u003Cdiv\u003E\n              \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAkhil R. Amar, \u003Ci\u003EA Neo-Federalist View of Article III: Separating the Two Tiers of Federal Jurisdiction\u003C\/i\u003E, 65 B.U. L. Rev. 205 (1985)\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n              \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cp\u003EPaul M. Bator, \u003Ci\u003ECongressional Power over the Jurisdiction of the Inferior Federal Courts\u003C\/i\u003E, 27 Villanova L. Rev. 1030 (1981-1982)\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n              \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cp style=\u0022margin-left:16px; text-align:justify; text-indent:-11.95pt\u0022\u003ESteven G. Calabresi \u0026amp; Gary Lawson, \u003Ci\u003EThe Unitary\u003C\/i\u003E \u003Ci\u003EExecutive, Jurisdiction Stripping, and the Hamdan Opinions: A Textualist Response to Justice Scalia\u003C\/i\u003E, 107\u003Ci\u003E \u003C\/i\u003ECOLUM. L. REV. 1002 (2007)\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n              \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cp style=\u0022margin-left:16px; text-align:justify; text-indent:-11.95pt\u0022\u003ELaurence Claus, \u003Ci\u003EThe One Court That Congress Cannot\u003C\/i\u003E \u003Ci\u003ETake Away: Singularity, Supremacy, and Article III\u003C\/i\u003E,\u003Ci\u003E \u003C\/i\u003E96 GEO. L.J. 59 (2007)\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n              \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cp style=\u0022margin-left:16px; text-align:justify; text-indent:-11.95pt\u0022\u003ERobert N. Clinton, \u003Ci\u003EA Mandatory View of Federal\u003C\/i\u003E \u003Ci\u003ECourt Jurisdiction: A Guided Quest for the Original Understanding of Article III\u003C\/i\u003E, 132\u003Ci\u003E \u003C\/i\u003EU. PA. L. REV.\u003Ci\u003E \u003C\/i\u003E741 (1984)\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n              \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cp style=\u0022margin-left:16px; text-align:justify; text-indent:-11.95pt\u0022\u003EDavid E. Engdahl, \u003Ci\u003EIntrinsic Limits of Congress\u2019 Power\u003C\/i\u003E \u003Ci\u003ERegarding the Judicial Branch\u003C\/i\u003E, 1999\u003Ci\u003E \u003C\/i\u003EBYU L. REV.\u003Ci\u003E \u003C\/i\u003E75 (1999)\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n              \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cp style=\u0022text-align:justify; text-indent:-11.95pt\u0022\u003ERichard H. Fallon, Jr., Jurisdiction-Stripping Reconsidered, 96 VA. L. REV. 1043, 1088 (2010)\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n              \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cp style=\u0022text-align:justify; text-indent:-11.95pt\u0022\u003EBrian T. Fitzpatrick, The Constitutionality of Federal Jurisdiction-Stripping Legislation and the History of State Judicial Selection and Tenure, 98 VA. L. REV. 839 (2012)\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n              \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAlex Glashausser, A Return to Form for the Exceptions Clause, 51 B.C. L. REV. 1383 (2010)\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n              \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cp\u003EGerald Gunther, Congressional Power to Curtail Federal Court Jurisdiction: An Opinionated Guide to the Ongoing Debate, 36 STAN. L. REV. 895 (1984)\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n              \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cp\u003EJohn Harrison, The Power of Congress to Limit the Jurisdiction of Federal Courts and the Text of Article III, 64 U. CHI. L. REV. 203 (1997)\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n              \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cp\u003EHenry M. Hart, Jr., The Power of Congress to Limit the Jurisdiction of Federal Courts: An Exercise in Dialectic, 66 HARV. L. REV. 1362 (1953)\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n              \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cp\u003EMartin J. Katz, Guantanamo, Boumediene, and Jurisdiction-Stripping: The Imperial President Meets the Imperial Court, 25 CONST. COMMENT. 377, 400 (2009)\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n              \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIra Mickenberg, Abusing the Exceptions and Regulations Clause: Legislative Attempts to Divest the Supreme Court of Appellate Jurisdiction, 32 AM. U. L. REV. 497 (1983)\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n              \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cp\u003ERobert J. Pushaw, Jr., Creating Legal Rights for Suspected Terrorists: Is the Court Being Courageous or Politically Pragmatic? 84 NOTRE DAME L. REV. 1975 (2009)\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n              \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cp\u003EMartin H. Redish, Constitutional Limitations on Congressional Power to Control Federal Jurisdiction: A Reaction to Professor Sager, 77 NW. U. L. REV. 143 (1982)\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n              \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cp\u003ERonald D. Rotunda, Congressional Power to Restrict the Jurisdiction of the Lower Federal Courts and the Problem of School Busing, 64 GEO. L.J. 839 (1976)\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n              \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cp\u003ELawrence G. Sager, Constitutional Limitations on Congress\u2019 Authority to Regulate the Jurisdiction of the Federal Courts, 95 HARV. L. REV. 17 (1981)\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n              \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cp\u003EHeather P. Scribner, A Fundamental Misconception of Separation of Powers: Boumediene v. Bush, 14 TEX. REV. LAW \u0026amp; POL. 90 (2009)\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n              \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cp\u003EMark Strasser, Taking Exception to Traditional Exceptions Clause Jurisprudence: On Congress\u2019s Power to Limit the Court\u2019s Jurisdiction, 2001 UTAH L. REV. 125 (2001)\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n              \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cp\u003EPaul Taylor, Congress\u2019s Power to Regulate the Federal Judiciary: What the First Congress and the First Federal Courts Can Teach Today\u2019s Congress and Courts, 37 PEPP. L. REV. 847 (2010)\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n              \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cp style=\u0022margin-left:16px; text-align:justify; text-indent:-11.95pt\u0022\u003EWilliam W. Van Alstyne, \u003Ci\u003EA Critical Guide to\u003C\/i\u003E Ex Parte McCardle, 15 ARIZ. L. REV. 229 (1973)\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n              \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cp style=\u0022margin-left:16px; text-align:justify; text-indent:-11.95pt\u0022\u003EJulian Velasco, \u003Ci\u003ECongressional Control Over Federal\u003C\/i\u003E \u003Ci\u003ECourt Jurisdiction: A Defense of the Traditional View\u003C\/i\u003E, 46\u003Ci\u003E \u003C\/i\u003ECATH. U. L. REV. 671 (1997)\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n          \u003C\/div\u003E\n  \n        \u003C\/div\u003E\n        \u003Cdiv data-tabs-pane class=\u0022tabs-pane\u0022 id=\u0022node-10000116-tabb\u0022\u003E\n          \n      \u003Cdiv\u003E\n              \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWiscart v. D\u2019Auchy, 3 U.S. (3 Dall.) 321 (1796)\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n              \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cp\u003EMarbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. (1 Cranch) 137 (1803)\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n              \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cp\u003EUnited States v. More, 7 U.S. (3 Cranch) 159 (1805)\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n              \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cp\u003EDurousseau v. United States, 10 U.S. (6 Cranch) 307\u003C\/p\u003E\n\n\u003Cp style=\u0022margin-left:16px\u0022\u003E(1810)\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n              \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cp style=\u0022margin-left:16px; text-indent:-11.95pt\u0022\u003EMartin v. Hunter\u2019s Lessee, 14 U.S. (1 Wheat.) 304 (1816)\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n              \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cp style=\u0022margin-left:16px; text-indent:-11.95pt\u0022\u003EPennsylvania v. Wheeling \u0026amp; Belmont Bridge Co., 59 U.S. (18 How.) 421 (1856)\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n              \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAbleman v. Booth, 62 U.S. (21 How.) 506 (1859)\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n              \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ci\u003EEx parte \u003C\/i\u003EMcCardle, 74 U.S. (7 Wall.) 506 (1869)\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n              \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ci\u003EEx parte \u003C\/i\u003EYerger, 75 U.S. (8 Wall.) 85 (1869)\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n              \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cp\u003EUnited States v. Padelford, 76 U.S. (9 Wall.) 531 (1870)\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n              \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cp\u003EUnited States v. Klein, 80 U.S. (13 Wall.) 128 (1871)\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n              \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe Francis Wright, 105 U.S. 381 (1881)\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n              \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cp style=\u0022margin-left:16px; text-indent:-11.95pt\u0022\u003EUnited States v. Sioux Nation of Indians, 448 U.S. 371 (1980)\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n              \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cp\u003EMorrison v. Olson, 487 U.S. 654 (1988)\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n              \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cp style=\u0022margin-left:16px; text-indent:-11.95pt\u0022\u003ERobertson v. Seattle Audubon Society, 503 U.S. 429 (1992)\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n              \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cp\u003EPlaut v. Spendthrift Farm, Inc., 514 U.S. 211 (1995)\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n              \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cp\u003EFelker v. Turpin, 518 U.S. 651 (1996)\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n              \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cp\u003EEdmond v. United States, 520 U.S. 651 (1997)\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n              \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cp\u003EMiller v. French, 530 U.S. 327 (2000)\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n              \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cp\u003ERasul v. Bush, 542 U.S. 466 (2004)\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n              \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cp\u003EHamdan v. Rumsfeld, 548 U.S. 557 (2006)\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n              \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBoumediene v. Bush, 553 U.S. 723 (2008)\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n          \u003C\/div\u003E\n  \n        \u003C\/div\u003E\n        \u003Cdiv data-tabs-pane class=\u0022tabs-pane\u0022 id=\u0022node-10000116-tabc\u0022\u003E\n                      \u003Ca href=\u0022\/essay_controller\/10000106\u0022 class=\u0022use-ajax\u0022\u003EJudicial Power\u003C\/a\u003E\n                      \u003Ca href=\u0022\/essay_controller\/10000147\u0022 class=\u0022use-ajax\u0022\u003EDouble Jeopardy\u003C\/a\u003E\n                      \u003Ca href=\u0022\/essay_controller\/10000159\u0022 class=\u0022use-ajax\u0022\u003EReexamination Clause\u003C\/a\u003E\n                  \u003C\/div\u003E\n      \u003C\/div\u003E\n    \u003C\/div\u003E\n  \n\u003C\/article\u003E\n"]}]