[{"command":"add_css","data":[{"rel":"stylesheet","media":"all","href":"\/sites\/default\/files\/css\/css_veuEhhb1658wti0_ZAig66JOyixENU-N9zhjLQSLfOQ.css?delta=0\u0026language=en\u0026theme=heritage_theme\u0026include=eJwrTi1LzdNPzkksLq7Uy8tPSQUAPMsGtA"}]},{"command":"invoke","selector":null,"method":"openEssay","args":["10000013","\n\n\u003Carticle about=\u0022\/constitution\/articles\/1\/essays\/14\/qualifications-for-senators\u0022 class=\u0022node node--type-constitution-essay node--promoted node--view-mode-embedded clearfix\u0022\u003E\n  \u003Ch1 class=\u0022title\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EQualifications for Senators\u003C\/span\u003E\n\u003C\/h1\u003E\n\n      \u003Cdiv class=\u0022con-location\u0022\u003E\n      Article I, Section 3, Clause 3\n    \u003C\/div\u003E\n    \u003Cdiv class=\u0022con-essay-context\u0022\u003E\n      \n            \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cp\u003ENo Person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty Years, and been nine Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n      \n    \u003C\/div\u003E\n      \n  \u003Cdiv class=\u0022con-essay-body\u0022\u003E\n    \n            \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe Framers understood that the frequent\u003Ci\u003E \u003C\/i\u003Eelections for Members of the House meant that Congress as a whole could be subject to the dangers of faction unless a \u201cresponsible\u201d Senate were added to the legislature. Publius argued in \u003Ci\u003EThe Federalist \u003C\/i\u003ENo. 63 that the role of the Senate ensures that \u201cthe cool and deliberate sense of the community\u201d prevails in Congress over the potential tyranny of momentary passions. In \u003Ci\u003EThe Federalist\u003C\/i\u003E No. 62, he explained that the more advanced age of Senators and their longer period of citizenship would make them better suited for the \u201csenatorial trust, which, requiring greater extent of information and stability of character, requires at the same time that the senator should have reached a period of life most likely to supply these advantages.\u201d Before the Constitutional Convention settled on a required nine-year citizenship compromise, Gouverneur Morris had pressed for a fourteen-year period of citizenship. It would take at least that long, Morris argued, for foreigners to learn the American Constitution and its system of laws. James Madison, Benjamin Franklin, and James Wilson opposed a period of such length, arguing that it would make the Constitution too \u201cilliberal.\u201d\u003C\/p\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003EThe age, residency, and citizenship requirements for the Senate have not, themselves, been the subject of judicial dispute. The clause makes it clear that one must be a resident of the state at the time of election, but the Senate has adopted the practice of receiving into its membership Senators who attain the minimum age or length of citizenship subsequent to their election but prior to assuming office.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the aftermath of the Civil War, both Houses of Congress did occasionally deny individuals their seats if they could not swear that they had never been disloyal to the union. The question of Congress\u2019s power to consider qualifications in addition to those stated in Article I remained open until 1969, when Chief Justice Earl Warren wrote in \u003Ci\u003EPowell v. McCormack\u003C\/i\u003E that \u201cin judging the qualifications of its members Congress is limited to the standing qualifications prescribed in the Constitution.\u201d\u003C\/p\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003EThe question whether states could add to the Constitution\u2019s list of requirements was the focus of \u003Ci\u003EUnited States Term Limits v. Thornton\u003C\/i\u003E (1995). Previously, both the House and the Senate had seated Members who were not in compliance with an additional state requirement. For example, in 1856 the Senate seated Lyman Trumbull from Illinois, even though, as a sitting state judge, Trumbull was forbidden by the Illinois Constitution from serving in any other state or federal office. A 1970 circuit opinion by Justice Hugo L. Black in \u003Ci\u003EDavis v. Adams\u003C\/i\u003E upheld a lower court\u2019s determination that the state of Florida could not require a candidate for Congress to resign his state office prior to assuming his federal candidacy. In writing for the Court in \u003Ci\u003EThornton\u003C\/i\u003E, Justice John Paul Stevens concluded\u003Ci\u003E \u003C\/i\u003Ethat \u201cthe Framers intended the Constitution to be the exclusive source of qualifications for members of Congress, and that the Framers thereby \u2018divested\u2019 States of any power to add qualifications.\u201d\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n      \n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n\n      \u003Cdiv class=\u0022con-essay-author\u0022\u003E\n      \u003Cdiv class=\u0022con-essay-author--media\u0022\u003E\n              \u003Cdiv class=\u0022con-essay-author--photo\u0022 style=\u0022background-image: url(\/sites\/default\/files\/Ronald_Pestritto.jpg)\u0022\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n            \u003C\/div\u003E\n      \u003Cdiv class=\u0022con-essay-author--info\u0022\u003E\n              \u003Ch4 class=\u0022con-essay-author--name\u0022\u003E\n                      \u003Ca href=\u0022http:\/\/www.hillsdale.edu\/academics\/display_profile.asp?cid=859222600\u0022\u003ERonald Pestritto\u003C\/a\u003E\n                  \u003C\/h4\u003E\n                  \u003Cdiv class=\u0022con-essay-author--job\u0022\u003E\n         Charles and Lucia Shipley Chair in American Constitution, Hillsdale College\n      \u003C\/div\u003E\n            \u003C\/div\u003E\n    \u003C\/div\u003E\n\n    \u003Cdiv class=\u0022con-essay-tabs\u0022\u003E\n      \u003Cul data-tabs class=\u0022tabs\u0022\u003E\n        \u003Cli class=\u0022button-more thirds\u0022\u003E\u003Ca data-tab href=\u0022#node-10000013-taba\u0022\u003EFurther Reading\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\n        \u003Cli class=\u0022button-more thirds\u0022\u003E\u003Ca data-tab href=\u0022#node-10000013-tabb\u0022\u003ECase Law\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\n        \u003Cli class=\u0022button-more thirds\u0022\u003E\u003Ca data-tab href=\u0022#node-10000013-tabc\u0022\u003ERelated Essays\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\n      \u003C\/ul\u003E\n\n      \u003Cdiv data-tabs-content\u003E\n        \u003Cdiv data-tabs-pane class=\u0022tabs-pane\u0022 id=\u0022node-10000013-taba\u0022\u003E\n          \n      \u003Cdiv\u003E\n              \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cp\u003EJohn C. Eastman, \u003Ci\u003EOpen to Merit of Every Description? An Historical Assessment of the Constitution\u0027s Qualifications Clauses\u003C\/i\u003E, 73 Denv. U. L. Rev. 89 (1995)\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n          \u003C\/div\u003E\n  \n        \u003C\/div\u003E\n        \u003Cdiv data-tabs-pane class=\u0022tabs-pane\u0022 id=\u0022node-10000013-tabb\u0022\u003E\n          \n      \u003Cdiv\u003E\n              \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cp\u003EPowell v. McCormack, 395 U.S. 486 (1969)\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n              \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cp\u003EDavis v. Adams, 400 U.S. 1203 (1970)\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n              \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cp\u003EUnited States Term Limits v. Thornton, 514 U.S. 779 (1995)\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n          \u003C\/div\u003E\n  \n        \u003C\/div\u003E\n        \u003Cdiv data-tabs-pane class=\u0022tabs-pane\u0022 id=\u0022node-10000013-tabc\u0022\u003E\n                      \u003Ca href=\u0022\/essay_controller\/10000004\u0022 class=\u0022use-ajax\u0022\u003EQualifications for Representatives\u003C\/a\u003E\n                      \u003Ca href=\u0022\/essay_controller\/10000020\u0022 class=\u0022use-ajax\u0022\u003EQualifications and Quorum\u003C\/a\u003E\n                  \u003C\/div\u003E\n      \u003C\/div\u003E\n    \u003C\/div\u003E\n  \n\u003C\/article\u003E\n"]}]