Taking a cue from the passage of the federal Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) in 1996, many states moved to protect marriage in their state codes in the late 1990s. While all of these states adopted language similar to the federal DOMA, there is some variation. This chart breaks down the federal DOMA language into its componenents and tracks what language was used by which states. States incorporating more components benefit from stronger the statutory language. Examples of states with strong marriage statutes are Alabama, Georgia, Michigan, and Ohio. States with weaker marriage statutes include Delaware, Illinois, Iowa, Maine, South Dakota, and Vermont. Some states had already defined marriage in their state statutes prior to the passage of the federal DOMA. These states are Maryland, New Hampshire, Utah, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. Vermont passed a statute in 1999 defining marriage between one man and one woman. It should also be noted that Connecticut’s common law recognizes marriage as between a man and a woman.

Regardless of whether or not a state has laws or constitutional provisions specifically defining marriage or prohibiting same sex marriage, all states have consanguinity laws, prohibiting individuals from marrying their blood relations. Many states specifically prohibit a male from marrying his female blood relations and females from marrying her male blood relations. Inherit in these laws is the understanding that marriage is between a man and a woman.

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